For the first time in history, simultaneous in-situ measurements of solar radiation in clouds and the size and shape of the droplets and ice crystals were performed, by using instruments attached to a balloon. Measurements were also carried out on the ground of incoming and reflected solar radiation. Moreover, solar radiation was measured above and below the snow-covered sea ice, absorption and scattering in seawater were investigated, and samples were taken of snow and ice for analysis of impurities and absorption.

These measurements are used to create better models for the interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere and surfaces in the Arctic, and thus obtain a more accurate description of the radiation balance in climate models.

One of the results of this activity is a technique to determine the average albedo over a large area covered by snow, ice, and water from the solar radiation measured at one point at the surface.

Using this technique and affordable and robust light sensors deployed in the Arctic, one can monitor changes in reflected and absorbed radiation throughout the year and use the results to validate and improve climate models.